如何理解Goldberg构式语法定义中“形式和意义的结合体”中的“形式”和“意义”俩概念？
1.被动语态
http://baike.baidu.com/view/135.htm
2.关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词往往是表示人或物的名词或代词，关系代词要在从句中充当主语、表语、宾语、定语等句子成分。常见的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等。
1. who
who在定语从句中担任主语，其先行词必须是表示人的名词或代词。who也可以代替在从句中担任宾语的whom，但是它前面不能有介词。
I have a friend who likes listening to classical music. （who在从句中作主语，代替前面的a friend）
Luckily none of the people who I know were killed in the earthquake. （who在从句中作宾语，代替前面的the people）
2. whom
whom在定语从句中作动词或介词的宾语，其先行词也通常是表示人的名词或代词。在口语中，whom通常被who或that所代替，在一般情况下可省略。
She is a girl whom people like at first sight. （whom在从句中作动词的宾语，代替前面的a girl）
Is that the man with whom you arrived yesterday? （whom在从句中作介词的宾语，代替前面的the man）
3. which
which所代替的先行词是表示事物或动物的名词或代词，一般不用来指人。
① which在从句中作主语或宾语。
She was not on the train which arrived just now. （which在从句中作主语，代替先行词the train）
The watch (which) you gave me keeps good time. （which在从句中作宾语，代替先行词the watch，可省略）
② which引导的定语从句可表示一个概念。
which的先行词有时不是一个词，而是主句所表示的整个现象，此时，which前一定要使用逗号。
James did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise. （which相当于and that，其先行词是前面整个句子）
He has to have lessons on Sundays, which he doesn't like at all.
③ which在从句中作定语。
which在定语从句中有时也能作定语。这种用法比较正式，经常出现在书面语中。
The Beijing Olympic Games are being held in three years, by which time I will be 21.
It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go hiking in the mountains.
4. whose
whose是所有格，在定语从句中作定语，后面要接名词，其含义是“（先行词）……的”。whose既可以指人也可以指物。
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. （whose是the man的所有格，在从句中作定语）
It happened on a lonely island whose name escapes my memory. （whose是island的所有格，在从句中作定语）
【注意】
当先行词是物时，作定语的whose也可用of which来表示。
The building whose pointed roof you can see is a church.
= The building of which the pointed roof you can see is a church.
5. that
① 在从句中作主语或宾语。
that在限制性定语从句中可用作主语或宾语，既可指人也可指物。指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。that在定语从句中作宾语时常可省略。
He is the man that was praised at the meeting. （that作主语，指人，代替先行词the man）
This is the best film (that) I have seen for years. （that作宾语，指物，代替先行词the film，可省略）
② 在从句中作表语。
He is not the man that he seems to be.
3.过去完成时
http://baike.baidu.com/view/201153.htm
音、形、义可看做词汇意义。
语法意义是指：词性类别，句子中的作用等。好比“解释加点词的“意义（思）”和“用法”。用法即其语法意义。例：你之心——之，的/助词，表修饰关系
1、以berg和burg结尾的单词很多都是地名，某些老外的姓中都沿用地名为自己的姓，如spielburg，petersburg等等。
2、借用或比喻的缘故，很多“堡”状的东西都称为burg，如hamburg本义是“火腿堡”，iceberg本义是“堡状的大块浮冰”。
其实这些单词都是“会意字”，没有个别人搞的那么复杂。
